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Date: Thu, 10 Dec 1998 20:26:04 +0100 From: Anonymous <nobody@replay.com> To: cypherpunks@cyberpass.net, cryptography@c2.net > Web version: > http://www.fitug.de/news/wa/ > > Word- or RTF-version: > http://www.wassenaar.org/List/ Here are the contents of Category 5, Part 2, of the Wassenaar list, which controls information security. It has been converted to text, somewhat clumsily, so pay attention to the use of numbers and letters to depict the outline format. Some comments are included. The summary is that there are no exemptions for public domain or mass market products; PGP and similar software would not be legal for export under these rules. The exemptions are narrowly drawn and could not reasonably be used to allow for exporting cryptographic software. It is a very restrictive set of rules. One possible loophole is the question of what constitutes export, and whether it includes transmission of information. : Part 2 - "INFORMATION SECURITY" : : Note 1 The control status of "information security" equipment, : "software", systems, application specific "electronic assemblies", : modules, integrated circuits, components or functions is determined in : Category 5, Part 2 even if they are components or "electronic : assemblies" of other equipment. : : Note 2 Category 5 - Part 2 does not control products when : accompanying their user for the user's personal use. This means that you can still carry cryptography with you across borders, but only for your own personal use. This does not allow taking crypto to another country and distributing it there. : Note 3 Cryptography Note : : 5.A.2. and 5.D.2. do not control items that meet all of the following: : a. Generally available to the public by being sold, without : restriction, from stock at retail selling points by means of any of : the following: : 1. Over-the-counter transactions; : 2. Mail order transactions; : 3. Electronic transactions; or : 4. Telephone call transactions; : b. The cryptographic functionality cannot easily be changed by the : user; : c. Designed for installation by the user without further substantial : support by the supplier; : d. Does not contain a "symmetric algorithm" employing a key length : exceeding 64-bits; and : e. When necessary, details of the items are accessible and will be : provided, upon request, to the appropriate authority in the exporter's : country in order to ascertain compliance with conditions described in : paragraphs a. to d. above. The exemption above only applies to software which meets ALL of the above requirements. It is not enough to be generally available to the public; it must also not contain any symmetric algorithms greater than 64 bits. This exemption would not apply to PGP, for example. : Technical Note : In Category 5--Part-2, parity bits are not included in the key : length. A reference to 5.A.2.a.1.a below, which controls software with longer than 56 bit keys for symmetric algorithms. DES implementations are sometimes said to take 64 bit keys because the 56 bit keys are padded with parity bits. This note is to make clear that 56 bit DES is not controlled, even when the keys are padded to 64 bits. : 5. A. 2. SYSTEMS, EQUIPMENT AND COMPONENTS : : a. Systems, equipment, application specific "electronic assemblies", : modules and integrated circuits for "information security", as : follows, and other specially designed components therefor: : : N.B. For the control of global navigation satellite systems receiving : equipment containing or employing decryption (i.e. GPS or GLONASS), : see 7.A.5. : : : 5. A. 2. a. 1. Designed or modified to use "cryptography" employing : digital techniques performing any cryptographic function other than : authentication or digital signature having any of the following: This is where we get to the meat of the prohibition. Note that there are two sub-headings to 5.A.2.a.1 below, namely a. and b. 5.A.2.a.1.a controls symmetric algorithms and 5.A.2.a.1.b controls asymmetric algorithms. : Technical Notes : 1. Authentication and digital signature functions include their : associated key management function. : 2. Authentication includes all aspects of access control where there : is no encryption of files or text except as directly related to the : protection of passwords, Personal Identification Numbers (PINs) or : similar data to prevent unauthorised access. : 3. "Cryptography" does not include "fixed" data compression or coding : techniques. : : Note 5.A.2.a.1. includes equipment designed or modified to use : "cryptography" employing analogue principles when implemented with : digital techniques. : : 5. A. 2. a. 1. a. A "symmetric algorithm" employing a key length in : excess of 56-bits; or So 56 bit DES is legal, but nothing stronger. : b. An "asymmetric algorithm" where the security of the algorithm is : based on any of the following: : 1. Factorisation of integers in excess of 512-bits (e.g., RSA); : 2. Computation of discrete logarithms in a multiplicative group of a : finite field of size greater than 512-bits (e.g., Diffie-Hellman : over Z/pZ); or : 3. Discrete logarithms in a group other than mentioned in : 5.A.2.a.1.b.2. in excess of 112-bits (e.g., Diffie-Hellman over an : elliptic curve); Interesting that the public key algorithms are called out in this fasion. There are some PK algorithms which are based on other problems than those listed here, such as the McEliece algorithm, based on error correcting codes. However it would no doubt be an easy matter for the Wassenaar group to revise this definition if a new PKC system went into common use. : 2. Designed or modified to perform cryptanalytic functions; : : 3. Deleted; : : 4. Specially designed or modified to reduce the compromising : emanations of information-bearing signals beyond what is necessary for : health, safety or electromagnetic interference standards; : : 5. Designed or modified to use cryptographic techniques to generate : the spreading code for "spread spectrum" or the hopping code for : "frequency agility" systems; : : 6. Designed or modified to provide certified or certifiable : "multilevel security" or user isolation at a level exceeding Class-B2 : of the Trusted Computer System Evaluation Criteria (TCSEC) or : equivalent; : : 7. Communications cable systems designed or modified using mechanical, : electrical or electronic means to detect surreptitious intrusion. We now come to some more exemptions, but none of them would apply to PGP-style encryption software. : Note 5.A.2. does not control: : : a. "Personalised smart cards" where the cryptographic capability is : restricted for use in equipment or systems excluded from control under : entries b. to f. of this Note; : N.B. If a "personalised smart card" has multiple functions, the : control status of each function is assessed individually. In other words, you can export a smartcard, but only if its crypto functions are limited to those below. : b. Receiving equipment for radio broadcast, pay television or similar : restricted audience television of the consumer type, without digital : encryption except that exclusively used for sending the billing or : programme-related information back to the broadcast providers; : : c. Equipment where the cryptographic capability is not user-accessible : and which is specially designed and limited to allow any of the : following: : 1. Execution of copy-protected software; : 2. Access to any of the following: : a. Copy-protected read-only media; or : b. Information stored in encrypted form on media (e.g. in connection : with the protection of intellectual property rights) when the media is : offered for sale in identical sets to the public; or : 3. One-time copying of copyright protected audio/video data. Some readers of earlier summaries of exemptions proposed simply defining their use of cryptography to be for the purpose of protecting their intellectual property. However we see here that the I.P. requirement applies only to material distributed on media which is offered for sale in identical sets to the public, and the software is designed only to allow access to such media. : d. Cryptographic equipment specially designed and limited for banking : use or money transactions; : Technical Note : 'Money transactions' in 5.A.2. Note d. includes the collection and : settlement of fares or credit functions. This is a relatively wide exemption for electronic commerce software. : e. Portable or mobile radiotelephones for civil use (e.g., for use : with commercial civil cellular radiocommunications systems) that are : not capable of end-to-end encryption; : : f. Cordless telephone equipment not capable of end-to-end encryption : where the maximum effective range of unboosted cordless operation : (i.e., a single, unrelayed hop between terminal and home basestation) : is less than 400-metres according to the manufacturer's : specifications. None of these other exemptions appear to be relevant. The remainder of the part is included for completeness, but it is not particularly relevant. : 5. B. 2. TEST, INSPECTION AND PRODUCTION EQUIPMENT : : a. Equipment specially designed for: : : 1. The "development" of equipment or : functions controlled by Category-5 - Part-2, including measuring : or test equipment; : 2. The "production" of equipment or : functions controlled by Category-5 - Part-2, including : measuring, test, repair or production equipment. : : b. Measuring equipment specially designed to : evaluate and validate the "information security" functions controlled : by 5.A.2. or 5.D.2. : : : 5. C. 2. MATERIALS - None : : : 5. D. 2. SOFTWARE : : a. "Software" specially designed or modified for the "development", : "production" or "use" of equipment or "software" controlled by : Category-5-- Part 2; : b. "Software" specially designed or modified to support "technology" : controlled by 5.E.2.; : c. Specific "software", as follows: : 1. "Software" having the characteristics, or performing or simulating : the functions of the equipment controlled by 5.A.2. or 5.B.2.; : 2. "Software" to certify "software" controlled by 5.D.2.c.1. : : Note 5.D.2. does not control: : a. "Software" required for the "use" of equipment excluded from : control under the Note to 5.A.2.; : b. "Software" providing any of the functions of equipment excluded : from control under the Note to 5.A.2. : : : 5. E. 2. TECHNOLOGY : : a. "Technology" according to the General Technology Note for the : "development", "production" or "use" of equipment or "software" : controlled by Category-5 - Part 2.
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