[4070] in cryptography@c2.net mail archive

home help back first fref pref prev next nref lref last post

Re: Pentium III...

daemon@ATHENA.MIT.EDU (Markus Kuhn)
Tue Jan 26 13:36:55 1999

To: "Marty Levy" <rwww60@email.sps.mot.com>
Cc: cryptography@c2.net, coderpunks@toad.com
In-reply-to: Your message of "Tue, 26 Jan 1999 15:48:45 GMT."
             <36ADE3DD.6415685C@email.sps.mot.com> 
Date: Tue, 26 Jan 1999 18:10:00 +0000
From: Markus Kuhn <Markus.Kuhn@cl.cam.ac.uk>

This is a multipart MIME message.

--==_Exmh_-13958274130
Content-Type: text/plain; charset=iso-8859-1
Content-Transfer-Encoding: quoted-printable

"Marty Levy" wrote on 1999-01-26 15:48 UTC:
> Does anyone know the mechanism Intel plans to use to put the infamous s=
erial
> numbers on Pentium III chips?  I wasn't aware that Pentiums had any
> non-volitaile memory (other than ROM) on board.  The only practical sys=
tems I
> can think of is to use a fuse or laser repair type scheme.

There are basically the following ways of doing this:

  a) laser interruption of a top-layer metal line (see
     <http://www.new-wave.com/products/ezlaze.html> for
     suitable lasers)

  b) high-current evaporation of a weak link in a metal or
     polysilicon layer link

  c) high voltage anti-fuse (create an isolation barrier break
     and let the flowing current carry metal across the break
     to "weld" a permanent interconnect).

  d) some NVRAM technology (EEPROM, FeRAM, etc.)

The advantage of a) is that is does not require additional chip
circuitry. It is cheap and reliable, but has to be done before
packaging.

The advantage of the others is that they can be done after packaging. b)
is fairly easy to spot under a microscope. I have attacked a small jpeg
file showing a blown polysilicon fuse as they are found on SGS Thompson
ST16Fxyz smartcard security processors (photo prepared by O. K=F6mmerling=
,
ADSR, Germany).

The advantage of c) and d) is that they take a bit more work to
read-out, but they also need a more complex production process. I am
told that c) was used in NSA's clipper chip to store the classified
SKIPJACK parameters (the masks were apparently not secret).

If someone sends me a Pentium III chip, I'd be happy to depackage it and
send you snapshots of any visible metal/poly fuses that I can spot.

Markus

-- =

Markus G. Kuhn, Computer Laboratory, University of Cambridge, UK
Email: mkuhn at acm.org,  WWW: <http://www.cl.cam.ac.uk/~mgk25/>


--==_Exmh_-13958274130
Content-Type: image/jpeg ; name="polyfuse.jpg"
Content-Description: polyfuse.jpg
Content-Transfer-Encoding: base64
Content-Disposition: attachment; filename="polyfuse.jpg"
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--==_Exmh_-13958274130--



home help back first fref pref prev next nref lref last post